一 | 新加坡是一个喜欢使用缩写的国家，如果在与他人聊天时遇到自己不熟悉的缩写，会感到非常尴尬！不管是在学习、社交还是日常生活中，到处都可以看到各种缩写，本篇我们将常见且实用性高的英文缩写进行了汇总，大家一起来学习一下吧。 Dozens of businesses, government offices, vehicles, and at least three police stations went up in flames in Freetown, Makeni, Kamakwie, and other cities across Sierra Leone from August 10 through 12, with over 113 people arrested and police introducing an emergency nationwide curfew and deploying tear gas and live ammunition to disperse crowds.,The curfew was lifted on August 13, with banks, businesses, government offices, and most stores reopened and communal services beginning to clear the damage. However, ramped-up security measures, including federal troop deployments to assist police, have been left in place.,What Happened?,Sierra Leone is one of the poorest nations in the world, ranking 186 out of 198 in a recent GDP purchasing power parity ranking. An estimated 80 percent of the population lives in poverty, many of them in the country’s rural areas. Like other nations in Africa, the country has faced special difficulties amid the global economic calamity brought on by COVID, and exacerbated by Western restrictions on Russian exports of agricultural goods and fertilizers amid the security crisis in Ukraine, which has caused a major jump in food prices.,AfricaAnti-Russia Sanctions Left Africa Without Access to Grain and Fertilisers, African Union Chief Says3 June, 11:13 GMT,As a net importer of both energy and food, Sierra Leone is especially vulnerable to global economic conditions, and along with food and fertilizers, fuel and electricity costs have also soared. Food prices alone have jumped by over 40 percent over the past few months, with a bag of rice once costing 350 leones now going for over 500. The country’s Central Bank recently removed three zeros from the national currency in a bid to restore confidence. The country has also been overcome by weeks of strikes by government workers, including doctors and teachers, and by small traders protesting poor conditions.,Coup Plot?,However, President Julius Maada Bio has also accused protesters of having ulterior motives beyond the cost of living crisis.,“This was not a protest against the high cost of living occasioned by the ongoing global economic crisis. The chant of the insurrectionists was for a violent overthrow of the democratically-elected government,” Bio said in an address on August 12 after returning to the country from a holiday in London.,Local media pointed to the chants of “Bio must go” among protesters as they gathered in the capital, and the president accused some of the demonstrators of consisting of “APC Warriors,” a reference to the opposition All People’s Congress party, which governed the country from 2007 until 2018, when Bio’s Sierra Leone People’s Party won national elections.,No doubt mindful of the violent civil war which shook the country between 1991 and 2002, claiming as many as 70,000 lives and displacing over 2.5 million people, Bio vowed that “in the coming weeks and months, [the] government will undertake necessary security actions meant to guarantee the peace and security of all citizens.”,“The security forces will, and must, act with great restraint and within their professional codes of service. But be assured that my government will crack down hard on violent insurrectionists, their collaborators, their sponsors and their supporters. My government will relentlessly fight those who would rather use terror and gruesome violence to achieve political goals,” the president said.,As a government, we will continue our engagement with Civil Society as we strive to promote sustainable peace, national cohesion and socio-economic development in Sierra Leone. #newdirectionagenda— President Julius Maada Bio (@PresidentBio) August 18, 2022,Bio did not elaborate on who these “sponsors” and “supporters” were, or whether they included any foreign actors.,Geopolitical Context,Like other African nations, Sierra Leone recently rejected calls by Washington and Brussels to show solidarity with the West and Ukraine and impose sanctions on Russia. But even before the escalation of the Ukraine crisis, relations between Freetown and Washington were tense at times. Last year, US President Joe Biden snubbed Bio by refusing to invite the African leader to the US’ so-called “Democracy Summit.” No reasons were given. However, neighboring Liberia, which faced mass civil unrest of its own between 2019 and 2020, and whose officials have been sanctioned by the US over suspected corruption, did get an invite.,While Sierra Leone maintains economic and political ties with its former British colonial masters, and remains a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, Freetown has sought to expand its partnerships with other geopolitical power centers, including Russia and China. President Bio attended the Russia-Africa Summit in Sochi in 2019, where he discussed ways to strengthen economic cooperation between the distant nations. In February 2021, Freetown signed onto Moscow’s efforts to prevent the deployment of weapons in outer space. In May 2021, Bio spoke by phone to President Xi Jinping of China, where they discussed the friendly, “brotherly” relations between the two nations, as well Chinese assistance to Freetown in measures against COVID, and agricultural and economic development.,In this context, the reactions of major foreign powers to this month’s unrest have been telling. While the United States, Britain, and the European Union collectively expressed “grave concern” over the “disturbing reports of violence” and urged the parties to “stay calm, promote accountability and ensure respect for human rights,” China’s Embassy smoothed over the protests altogether, refraining from wagging its finger at Freetown and instead trumpeting the expanding cooperation between the two countries.,We are gravely concerned by reports of violence surrounding today’s demonstrations in Sierra Leone. We urge all parties to stay calm, promote accountability, and ensure respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.— Bureau of African Affairs (@AsstSecStateAF) August 10, 2022,Similarly, while UK High Commissioner to Sierra Leone Lisa Chesney lectured President Bio about how “violence has no place in a democracy and the necessary investigation into August 10 can sit alongside de-escalation,” the Russian Embassy in the Republic of Guinea, which concurrently serves as the Embassy in Sierra Leone, only presented a bare bones report on the situation in the country, Bio’s meetings with community and tribal leaders, and indicated that an internal “debriefing” was being created “regarding the causes, course and consequences of the riots on August 10.”。新加坡政府部门1.ICA（Immigration & Checkpoints Authority）：新加坡移民厅2.MOE（Ministry of Education）: 教育部 3.MOM（Ministry of Manpower）：新加坡劳工部签证类别：1.IPA（In-Principle Approval Letter）：移民厅提供的入境工作或学习的批准信。学生需要在1个月之内预约去移民局录指纹并更换学生准证。而工作人士需要到指定的劳工部申请中心录指纹并更换工作签证。2.STP（Student’s Pass）：学生签证；移民厅针对国际学生颁发的签证。学生签证不允许在新加坡进行全职工作。
二 | 3.STVP（Short-Term Visit Pass）：短期旅游准证；移民厅提供的一种短期旅游签证。它允许持证人在新加坡停留一定时间，通常用于旅游、商务会议、或探亲访友等短期活动；但不允许参加任何类型工作。4.LTVP（Long-Term Visit Pass）：长期准证；移民厅为持有工作准证（Employment Pass）或企业家准证（EntrePass）的外国人家属颁发的长期访问准证。
三 | 这类签证的居民可以通过雇主向劳工部申请LTVP+，便可以在新加坡合法工作。5.SP/WP/EP：工作签证；新加坡劳工部（MOM）为外籍人士提供的一张合法长期居留证。学校相关缩写:1.PSLE（Primary School Leaving Examination）：新加坡本地小升初考试2.O-Level（Ordinary Level）：新加坡本地中考3.A-Level（Advance Level）：新加坡本地高考4.AEIS（Admission Exercise for International Students ）：国际学生进入政府中小学的入学测验。5.EAL（English as an Additional Language）：国际学校为非英文为母语的学生而提供的英文辅助课程。6.SAP (Special Assistance Plan)：新加坡特选学校，是新加坡政府学校为学习成绩优异，且提供精通母语及英文的学生推出的课程。7.GEP（ Gifted Education Progrmme）：是为了选拔出有潜力，天赋异禀的孩子进行特殊的、单独的教育，实现真正的精英培育。（注：此项目将会更新）8.DSA（Direct School Admission）：学校直招(特招)计划。
四 | 特招生，如：优异的学习成绩，并且在体育、课外活动（CCA）或特定学术领域有优异的表现或特长的学生。9.IP直通车计划：学生通过四年级的中学后直接跳过O Level考试，直接修读高中课程。10.CCA（Co-Curricular Activities）：课外活动、社团活动、文艺活动、兴趣活动等。教育体系：1.IB（International Baccalaureate）：国际文凭课程，大多数新加坡国际学校所采用的课程体系。新加坡的IB成绩在全球范围内具有非常高的竞争力。2.AP（Advanced Placement）：美国高中课程，主要适用于美国以及加拿大的大学。新加坡有4所国际学校提供AP课程，美国国际学校、斯坦福美国国际学校、加慧美国学校、国际社区学校。3.A-Level (General Certificate of Education Advanced Level)：英国高中课程，也是英国学生的大学入学考试课程。新加坡政府学校也是采纳与衍生该教育体系。
五 | 4.IGCSE（International General Certificateof Secondary Education）：中学三年与四年级的课程，属于一种高中的衔接课程，主要用于衔接IB或Alevel课程。5.PS：个人陈述6.25 Fall：25学年秋季入学（8月）7.25 Spring：25学年春季入学（1月）8.RL：推荐信 9.Rolling Administration：滚动招生10.Waiting List：等候区常见成绩要求：1.IELTS：雅思成绩；公认的语言成绩，私立学校需要雅思5.5或以上，公立学校要求6.0或以上。2.TOFEL：托福成绩；公认的语言成绩。
六 | 3.PTE：培生音乐；大部分学校认可的语言成绩。
七 | 4.SAT：美国高考成绩；申请本科的参考成绩（公立大学要求1250分或以上）5.ACT：美国入学资格考试；申请本科的参考成绩（公立学校要求29分或以上）6.GRE：美国研究生入学考试；申请研究生的参考成绩。7.GMAT：研究生管理科入学考试；申请公立商科研究生时需要提供的成绩。8.GPA：平均学分绩点，公立大学需要学生提供。9.KET/PET：取代新加坡AEIS小学组的英文考试。
八 | 公立大学名称缩写：1.NUS：新加坡国立大学2.NTU：南洋理工大学3.SMU：新加坡管理大学4.SUTD：新加坡科技设计大学5.SIT：新加坡理工学院6.SUSS：新跃社科大学私立大学名称缩写：1.SIM：新加坡管理学院2.MDIS：新加坡管理发展学院3.JCU：詹姆斯库克大学生活常见类：1.MRT：新加坡地铁2.UOB：大华银行3.OCBC：华侨银行4.POSB：邮政储蓄银行5.DBS：星展银行6.*OTP：一次性动态验证码（注：千万不能给外人透露）7.HDB：新加坡组屋8.NRIC/FIN ：居民身份证号码9.NS：服兵役。
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